This paper provided a chronology of outbreaks of ebola virus disease in the west african subregion and provided an update on efforts at containing the present outbreak. Consequences of evd include social instability, poor food reserves, breakdown of healthcare systems, and reduced vaccination coverage 2,3. Aug 01, 2014 rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, 1 august 2014 2 while travelling. Ebola in west africa cdc s role in epidemic detection.
Compared to the peak of the outbreak, the number of new cases per day has decreased by 92. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with ebola. Once the more virulent forms enter the human population, transmission occurs primarily through contact with infected body fluids and can result in major epidemics in underresourced settings. The ongoing 2014 west africa ebola epidemic has been considered as the most serious panic in the medical field with respect to both the. Rapid risk assessment outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, 12th update, 30 june 2015 3 guinea. Who and the governments of guinea, liberia, and sierra. On march 21, 2014, the guinea ministry of health reported the outbreak of an illness characterized by fever, severe diarrhea, vomiting, and a high casefatality rate 59% among 49 persons. If an infectious case of evd occurs in an eu member state, secondary transmission cannot be ruled out, e. In this report, potential differences in the burden of illness between male and female persons are investigated. During the epidemic, cdc, along with many other organizations, overcame challenges to conducting effective surveillance in the three countries that were heavily affected guinea, liberia, and sierra leone and had limited public health. Aug 11, 2014 the outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa continues to evolve in alarming ways, with no immediate end in sight. West africa refers to the three countries hardesthit by the ebolavirus, that is, guinea, sierra leone and liberia. Unintended consequences of the bushmeat ban in west.
West africa is currently experiencing the largest outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in history. Visit the ebola outbreak section for information on current ebola outbreaks on march 23, 2014, the world health organization who reported cases of ebola virus disease evd in the forested rural region of southeastern guinea. Ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. Clinical care of two patients with ebola virus disease in. Ebola in west africa and combi 2 ebola in west africa and combi west africa was greatly affected by the outbreak of ebola virus disease in the year 20142016. Ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west africa.
Specimens from 15 of 20 persons tested at institut pasteur in lyon, france, were positive for an ebola virus b. The most severely affected countries, guinea, liberia, and sierra leone, have only recently returned to political stability following years of civil war and conflict, which. On october 23, craig spencer, a physician who treated ebola patients in west africa, tested positive for ebola at bellevue hospital center after having a 100. Zaire ebolavirus, sudan ebolavirus, reston ebolavirus, tai forest ebolavirus and bundibugyo ebolavirus. The ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa during 202016 was one of the worst public health disasters in recent history. Who ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west. Between december 20 and april 2016, the larg est epidemic of ebola virus disease evd to date generated more than 28,000 cases and. The outbreak of 2014 ebola virus disease evd mainly affecting the west african countries of guinea, liberia, sierra leone, mali previously affected nigeria, senegal has claimed a death toll of. Investigating the zoonotic origin of the west african ebola. Four species of ebolaviruses have been identified in west or equatorial africa. Ebola virus disease in west africa no early end to the. The 202016 west african evd epidemic caused the death of at least.
Oct 30, 2017 ebola virus disease evd is a zoonosis that causes severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans 1. Ebola virus disease in west africa clinical manifestations. Such reforms would transform the existing worldwide health system architecture into a purposeful, organised system with an empowered, highly capable who at. The ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa is the largest ebola outbreak in terms of numbers of cases recorded 17 942 as of 10 december 2014 and geographical. May 01, 2015 the 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa, primarily affecting guinea, sierra leone, and liberia, has exceeded all previous ebola outbreaks in the number of cases and in international response. Information contained in these slides is constantly changing and updated every friday. In december 20, a littleknown viral hemorrhagic fever in west africa was detected in a forest region of guinea. May 25, 2016 the 20142015 outbreak and spread of ebola virus disease evd, or ebola in west africa became an international public health emergency that, in no small part due to international intervention, abated significantly by the end of 2015 and early 2016. Ebola virus disease epidemic west africa, february 2015. The first cases were recorded in guinea in december 20. Walsh1 and ma haseeb1,2 1 department of epidemiology and biostatistics, school of public health, state university of new york, downstate medical center, brooklyn, ny, usa. Over the course of the last 4 decades there have been a how to cite this article walsh and haseeb 2015, the landscape configuration of zoonotic transmission of ebola virus disease in west. Disease outbreak news 19 august 2014 epidemiology and surveillance. The following are the supplementary data to this article.
We investigated the zoonotic origins of the epidemic using wildlife surveys, interviews, and molecular analyses of bat and environmental samples. The ebola virus has caused substantial illness in west africa during the past 2 years. On august 8, the who declared the epidemic to be a public. Epidemiological features and trends of ebola virus disease in. Overview of the magnitude and dimensions of ebola virus disease in west africa 7 2. The disease is spreading quickly, however, because the health systems in the affected countries are illequipped to implement requisite disease containment and surveillance measures. The severe ebola virus disease epidemic occurring in west africa stems from a single zoonotic transmission event to a 2yearold boy in meliandou, guinea. The ebola virus epidemic in west africa has had a large effect on the culture of most of the west african countries. Annex 3 liberia operational plan for accelerated response to reoccurrence of ebola epidemic pdf, 505kb. Measles cases during ebola outbreak, west africa, 202106. Study suggests a wider distribution range of ebola virus. It was soon confirmed to be ebola virus disease, an illness previously seen primarily in central africa. Ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west africa a call for action. Who barriers to rapid containment of the ebola outbreak.
It is the longest and most widely spread ebola epidemic ever seen. Evd was first identified in africa in 1976 2 and since then is estimated to have killed. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90% caused by ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. Between 14 and 16 august 2014, a total of 1 new cases of ebola virus disease laboratoryconfirmed, probable, and suspect cases as well as 84 deaths were reported from guinea, liberia, nigeria, and sierra leone. Geographic distribution of ebola ebola disease was identified in 2 simultaneous outbreaks in 1976, one in south sudan and one in the democratic republic of the congo. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. Outbreaksof ebola virus disease in the west african sub. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west. In the week 14 to 21 june, 12 new confirmed cases were reported.
Predicting ebola virus disease risk and the role of african bat birthing. Ebola virus disease outbreaks are sporadic and complex and data on the. These questions can be answered with a single word. Cultural effects of the western african ebola virus. Ebola virus disease evd first emerged in 1976 in what are today the democratic republic of the congo and south sudan. The current ebola virus disease evd outbreak ravaging three nations in west africa has affected more than 14,000 persons and killed over 5,000. For instance, many west african communities rely on traditional healers and witch doctors, who use herbal remedies, massage, chant and witchcraft to cure. Initial suggestions that deforestation increases zoonotic evd outbreaks result from observations in seven west african evd outbreak sites that.
Annex 1 who strategic action plan for ebola outbreak response pdf, 506kb. It is thought that ebola virus disease evd has its natural host as bats in forest. During the most severe outbreak to date in west africa, over 11,000 deaths were documented between 2014 and 2016. Ebola virus disease among male and female persons in west africa.
According to many studies, ebola disease is very fatal in humans. Jul 08, 2016 this was especially true during the 20142016 ebola virus disease ebola epidemic in west africa. The ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa is pivotal for the worldwide health system. In the past, the ebola virus disease outbreak was in limited geographic areas and on a small scale. Cost of the ebola epidemic centers for disease control and. Pdf ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months. Breakdown of healthcare systems and reduced vaccination coverage might.
Distribution of ebola virus disease prevalence probability for west africa countries. Ebola virus disease outbreak west africa, october 2014. Ebola response, recovery and resilience in west africa. Impact of the west african ebola virus disease outbreak on. More information on ebola virus disease can be found in the ecdc factsheet for health professionals. The ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa is the first of its scale and the first to affect large urban populations. Many barriers stand in the way of rapid containment. Zaire ebolavirus, sudan ebolavirus, reston ebolavirus, tai forest ebolavirus and bundibugyo ebolavirus 8,9. Ebola response impact on public health programs, west africa. Since 1976, 25 ebola outbreaks occurred mostly in central africa. The 20142015 outbreak and spread of ebola virus disease evd, or ebola in west africa became an international public health emergency that, in no small part due to international intervention, abated significantly by the end of 2015 and early 2016. Infections with ebola viruses originating from africa cause a severe disease in humans called ebola virus disease. Ebola virus then spreads from person to person through direct contact with blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from ebola virus disease. Five west african countries, including nigeria are currently experiencing the largest, most severe, most complex outbreak of ebola virus disease in history.
Ebola virus disease west africa, 2014 new york city. In most instances, the effect is a rather negative one as it has disrupted many africans traditional norms and practices. Zoonotic transmission of evd requires contact between susceptible human hosts and the reservoir species for ebolaviruses, which are believed to be fruit bats. There have been 20 significant outbreaks of ebola virus disease in subsaharan africa prior to the 2014 outbreak, the largest being that in uganda in 2000. Delayed recognition of ebola virus disease is associated with longer. The 20142016 ebola outbreak in west africa has ended. Just as the depth of the crisis ultimately spurred an unprecedented response, the failures of leadership suggest the need for innovative reforms. The figure above is a map of west africa showing the number of days since the last confirmed case of ebola virus disease in the region and the number of confirmed cases in the past 21 days during january 25february 14, 2015.
The landscape configuration of zoonotic transmission of. Transmission was centred in the four prefectures of forecariah n5, boke n5, conakry n1. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa european centre for. This can happen when a person touches the infected body fluids or objects that are contaminated with them, such as medical equipment like needles and syringes. Ebola virus disease evd outbreak as 10 sep 2014 siguiri kouroussa dinguiraye dabola pita telimele dubreka forecariah coyah fria boffa conakry nzerekore yomou bomi bong grand bassa rivercess river ghee grand gedeh sinoe nimba kissidougou kerouane koinadugu kono kambia bombali port loko tonkolili moyamba western pujehun grand. Ebola virus disease from who record first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in nzara, south sudan, and the other in yambuku, democratic republic of. Page 2 of 7 calculating the cfr accurately is very difficult due to testing policies and there is the need to understand the epidemiology. Ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west africa pdf, 929kb.
It was on a high note, with a total of 28, 616 suspected cases and some confirmed in liberia, guinea, and sierra leone in june 2016. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, fourth update, 3 sep 2014. Pdf the complicated and complex ebola viral disease evd in. Though the outbreak is being brought under control, the overall infection and fatality counts. Ebola virus disease 202014 outbreak in west africa. A humanitarian response to the west african ebola virus. Ebola response impact on public health programs, west. The latest outbreak of evd in west africa starting in guinea, then liberia, sierra leone and nigeria is the largest ever reported, with 1,975 clinical cases of which. The western african ebola virus epidemic 202016 was the most widespread outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in history, causing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in guinea, liberia and sierra leone.
Ebola surveillance guinea, liberia, and sierra leone mmwr. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. At equatorial latitudes 10 some african fruit bats and nonmolossid. Ebola virus disease can develop quickly, and cases are not always aware that they have been exposed to ebola virus. Statistical analysis of ebola virus disease outbreak in some. The ebola virus that is circulating in west africa is not new. The ebola virus has spread across several western africa countries, adding a signi. Ebola virus disease evd is an emerging infectious disease of zoonotic origin that has been responsible for high mortality and significant social disruption in west and central africa. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with ebola virus disease. The figure above is a map of west africa showing ebola cumulative incidence as of october 18, 2014. Background on march 23, 2014, the world health organization who was notified of an outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in guinea. Oct 28, 2014 ebola virus disease cumulative incidence west africa, october 18, 2014 cumulative number of reported ebola virus disease cases per 100,000 persons since december 22, 20. After ebola in west africa who world health organization. Who ebola virus disease outbreak response plan in west africa.
Ebola virus disease is caused by the ebola virus and is one of a number of hemorrhagic fever diseases. A retrospective and prospective analysis of the west african. Ebola virus disease evd outbreak as of 10 sep 2014 west africa. Officials said he was hospitalized with fever, nausea, pain, and fatigue. The landscape configuration of zoonotic transmission of ebola. Overview, control strategies, and lessons learned in the. Ebola virus disease in west africa no early end to the outbreak. Nov 05, 2014 the cumulative clinical observations of physicians who cared for more than 700 patients with ebola virus disease in liberia between august and october of this year support a rational approach to ev. Todate, more than 10,884 lives have been lost to this deadly outbreak. Ebola, ebov, ebola virus disease, evd, west africa. An outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa, with onset in early february 2014, is evolving in guinea and liberia.
Between 19 and 20 august 2014, a total of 142 new cases of ebola virus disease laboratoryconfirmed, probable, and suspect cases as well as 77 deaths were reported from guinea, liberia, nigeria, and sierra leone. Ebolaviruses are pathogenic agents associated with a severe, potentially fatal, systemic disease in man and great apes. Consequences of evd include social instability, poor food reserves, breakdown of healthcare systems, and reduced vaccination coverage 2, 3. The distribution range of ebola virus carriers in africa may. The ebola virus can cause severe viral haemorrhagic fever ebola hf outbreaks in humans with a case fatality rate of up to 90%. Recent advances in health care have reduced risk of death from ebola. Characterisation of the tcell response to ebola virus. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west african. Two patients with evd were transferred from liberia to our hospital in the united states for ongo. The present epidemic of evd is being regarded as an unprecedented major outbreak of west africa involving liberia, sierra leone, guinea and nigeria. Ebola virus disease evd is a severe, oftenfatal, zoonotic viral disease in humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees that has appeared sporadically since its initial. Ebola virus disease who regional office for africa.
Cost of the ebola epidemic centers for disease control. Annex 2 planned response to the ebola virus disease epidemic in guinea pdf, 512kb. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with ebola virus. Measles cases during ebola outbreak, west africa, 20. Statistical analysis of ebola virus disease outbreak in some west africa countries using sir model. Within months, ebola would become a global outbreak. Ebola is a disease caused by a virus called ebola virus, a disease causing organism which causes a haemorrhagic fever. Epidemiological update as of 27 june 2015 week 25, who has reported 27 541 confirmed, probable and suspected cases of ebola virus disease evd, including 11 235 deaths, from 10 countries affected by the ebola outbreak in west africa. Investigating the zoonotic origin of the west african. There are five species of the genus ebolavirus filoviridae family. Sep 07, 2020 the ebola virus is considered one of the worlds most dangerous pathogens. It was predicted that the ebola outbreak in west africa would end in june 2015. Ebola virus disease west africa, 2014 preparing for and responding to potential cases in nyc new york city department of health and mental hygiene note.
Sep 01, 2015 an epidemiological analysis of ebola virus disease in west africa was performed based on 26 593 cases from march 2014 to may 2015. Health experts are familiar with methods to treat and contain it. Ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months of. Distribution of ebola virus disease prevalence probability for west africa countries, 202017. However, liberia and sierra leone are central for this thesis, as the interviewees were solely stationed there. The ebola epidemic that was first recognized in 2014 and ravaged the west africa countries of liberia, sierra leone, and guinea was a stark illustration of the risks that emerging pathogens and epidemicprone diseases pose to local and global health security in settings that had limited public health capacity. In early may 2014, experts from the centers for disease control and regional.
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